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| A | 2983 | 165 | Produce Environmental Compliance Documentation | Environmental Compliance | A. WDFW and ESA permits will be renewed for sample collection as required for 2006 collection period. The Yakima Subbasin containes Steelhead that are listed and threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Each year a catch report for potential take of listed stocks is required by NOAA Fisheries and a catch report of all fish handled is required by WDFW. | $1,000 | 0.54% | 01/01/2006 | 04/30/2006 |
| B | 2984 | 119 | Manage and Administer Projects | Project planning and coordination | B. Conduct planning and coordination efforts in support of project goals including writing annual statements of work (SOW), coordination of sampling efforts for fish collections and quarterly progress reports to COTR. Provide administrative support for all project activities and to meet BPA requirements such as metrics reporting, financial reporting (e.g. accruals), invoicing and development of FY06 SOW and related documents. | $5,000 | 2.70% | 06/01/2005 | 05/31/2006 |
| C | 2985 | 157 | Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data | Estimate precocious maturation rate of wild Yakima spring Chinook | C. The purpose of this project WE (objective) is to assess the incidence of precocious maturation of naturally rearing Yakima River spring chinook. Wild fish will be collected from the Roza Dam smolt trap during their mid-winter redistribution migration (dependent on Yakama Nation trap operation activity) from January to February, and at the Prosser Dam smolt bypass facility during out migration in the spring from March to May. Approximately 600 fish (300/sample) will be collected at Roza Dam in January and February. Approximately 400 hatchery and 400 wild fish will be collected at Prosser Dam from March to May. The large sample size is necessary to obtain an accurate estimate for incidence of precocious maturation in the population and because approximately 50% of the fish collected will be females. These data will also provide estimates of the male:female ratio of wild fish, which can be used to estimate the number of 0-age precocious males in the population (since those fish would have matured the previous Fall, they will drop out of the population that migrates to the lower Yakima River mid-Winter). Gender ratio of hatchery and wild fish collect at Prosser Dam during out-migration in the spring can also be used to estimate the proportion of 1+ year old fish remaining in the headwaters to mature precociously and the proportion of precocious fish that migrate downstream to the Columbia River and beyond as well. Fish sampled at Roza and Prosser Dam will be sacrificed for determination of length, weight, gonadal development and gonad weight (for determination of precocious maturation based on gonadosomatic index (GSI)). Data collected in 2003 and 2004 with migrating brood year 2001 and 2002 Yakima spring Chinook demonstrated that the best method for determining precocious male development was GSI rather than measurement of the steroid 11-ketotestosterone (which is used for determination in fish at the hatchery prior to release-see Objective 2). Fish #'s
Roza 300 fish/date X 2 = 600 wild fish/year
Prosser 200 fish/date X 2 = 400 wild fish and 400 hatchery fish/year
Total =1400 fish/year | $15,000 | 8.09% | 01/23/2006 | 05/31/2006 |
| D | 2986 | 157 | Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data | Estimate precocious maturation rate of Yakima hatchery spring Chinook salmon | D. The purpose of this WE (objective) is to accurately assess the incidence of1+ precocious male maturation for brood year 2002 Yakima hatchery spring chinook released from the Easton, Jack Creek, and Clark Flat acclimation sites. In cooperation with Ray Brunson (USFWS pathologist) we will sacrifice 60 fish/raceway for length, weight, visual assessment of gonadal development, and plasma 11-ketotestosterone levels (a reproductive steroid that indicates initiation of the maturation process). Samples will be collected in March of 2004 during the routine pathogen screening prior to the opening of the gates for volitional release.
Fish #'s
60 fish/raceway X 6 raceways X 50% males = approximately 180 males screened/site
Total # fish = 1080 fish/year or approximately 540 male fish analyzed/year
Expectations: The expectation from this objective is that the hatchery fish reared in the programs conventional manner will differ from the wild fish. The incidence of age 1+ precocious male maturation will be approximately 30-50% at each acclimation site. Half of the fish currently being reared for this program are being grown according to a modified regime in response to our previous research findings (see Objective 4). The expectation from these fish is that the maturation rate may be reduced by 30-40% compared with those reared under the standard regime. | $33,000 | 17.80% | 03/07/2006 | 05/31/2006 |
| E | 2987 | 157 | Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data | Growth rate modulation experiment | E. The purpose of this WE (objective) is to conduct a second iteration of an experiment (in 1.4m diameter outdoor tanks) to examine the effect of growth rate modulation on the incidence of age 1+ precocious male maturation in Yakima hatchery spring Chinook. This experiment will test the following null hypothesis:
H0: Growth modulation has no effect on physiological development or incidence of precocious male maturation of supplementation hatchery spring Chinook.
In 2002-2003 we conducted and completed a growth rate modulation experiment in 1.4 m experimental circular tanks at the Cle Elum Supplementation and Research Facility aimed at reducing precocious male maturation rates in the Yakima spring Chinook stock. Results indicated that manipulating growth rate could alter the rate of precocious maturation. The highest growth group (High summer/High autumn growth) had 69% male maturity while the lowest growth group (Low summer/Low autumn growth) had 42% maturity. The maturity level of BY 2001 production fish sampled during pathology screening was approximately 60%. In other years the production fish have been as low as 40%. The Cle Elum facility is currently rearing 50% of its production fish under the normal rearing regime with a target weight of approximately 15 grams at tagging in mid-to late October and 50% of its production fish similar to the LL group with a size of approximately 10 grams by mid-October to try and reduce precocious maturity while maintaining a large enough fish to tag in October (see Objective 4).
Obviously, reducing the maturation rate by 40% in the production fish by rearing them smaller this year is a step in the right direction, but our goal is to determine if it is possible to rear Yakima spring Chinook to have a male precocity rate more in line with that of the wild fish (approximately 5-10%). A new modified growth modulation experiment for BY 2003 was initiated in 2004 as outlined below and will be completed in 2005:
BY 2003 Growth Modulation Experiment
Analysis of data from our BY 2001 experiment suggests that adjustment of pond timing (to an earlier date) and reduction in dietary lipid content may further reduce the level of precocious male maturation in the Yakima population. This will involve production of a low fat experimental diet for these fish at our research facility (our resident fish nutritionists have significant experience with formulation of experimental diets). Treatments would be developed to investigate the interaction between early and late (current) pond timing and dietary lipid content on precocious male maturation. Treatments will include fish ponded in early March on high (current commercial diet) and low fat diets and fish ponded in mid- April (current production time) on high and low fat diets in a 2x2 factorial design with 4 replicates per treatment. The treatments will all be grown to a comparable size of 10 grams (the programs minimal size for tagging) by October 15.
Throughout the experimental period fish from each treatment, wild fish captured by electroshock technique near the town of Cle Elum, and the representative production fish will be sacrificed to monitor physiology of the fish. We will measure the following parameters approximately monthly: weight, length, general smolt appearance, visual gonadal development, plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and whole body lipid (indicators of energetics and growth status). In June of 2005 the remaining fish (approximately 200/tank) will be sacrificed and visually assessed for gender and incidence of male maturation (among males) to determine the percent maturity in each of the four treatments.
5000 BY 2003 eggs were collected from broodstock throughout the adult run (50 eggs from multiple pairs). Approximately 300 randomly selected fish per tank in 16 tanks will be ponded. Half of the eggs are being incubated at elevated temperature (8 C) in a separate egg stack to induce ponding in early March rather than mid-April. The other half of the egg lot is being incubated with the production eggs at 5C. After ponding all fish will be fed commercial starter feed. After a few weeks experimental feeds will be used (4 tanks low fat, 4 tanks high fat). In April the same process will be repeated with the late emerging groups (4 tanks low fat, 4 tanks high fat). The four treatments are designated Early /High, Early /Low, Late /High, Late /Low. These fish will be reared throughout the early summer of 2005 and monitored monthly for physiological parameters including size, gender, growth regulating and reproductive hormones and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity as a metric of smolt development. They will be compared with elecroshock collected wild and production hatchery spring Chinook.
Expectations: The expectations from this experiment are that fish ponded at the normal April ponding date and fed a high fat commercial diet will be most similar to the current small production fish and have precocious male maturation rates in excess of 40%. These same fish on a low fat diet may have lower rates of precocity. Previous work by Silverstein et al. (1998) has suggested that precocity can be modulated in spring Chinook by lowering dietary lipid levels. The fish ponded earlier may be able to obtain sufficient body size for tagging via a longer growth period but able to have slow autumn growth rate to prevent excessive precocious male development. Finally, the fourth treatment group includes both early pond timing and a low fat diet because this group most closely matches the growth and energetic stores of wild fish that have lower precocious maturation rates. Since this fourth group involves the most significant and expensive alterations in hatchery practice (altered incubation and feed quality) we believe it is important to explore the other less invasive hatchery alterations outlined above before changing protocols at the production scale. | $95,000 | 51.26% | 06/01/2005 | 04/30/2006 |
| F | 2988 | 157 | Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data | Production scale growth modultation studies | F. In cooperation with biologists from the Yakama Nation and the WDFW over the past two years we have implemented a production scale experiment aimed at reducing precocious maturation in Yakima spring Chinook. We designed a rearing regime using the best available information from our first growth modulation experiment. As described above half of the fish are being grown at the normal production size of 15 grams and half at 10 grams by Oct. 15 for tagging. These treatment groups are differentially tagged in order to monitor juvenile survival during spring smolt migration at various Yakima and Columbia River dams and smolt-to-adult survival. The concern is that by reducing the size of the fish during juvenile development precocious maturation will be reduced, but there may be a predation survival disadvantage caused by small size. Numerous studies have suggested that large smolt size is advantageous for survival. We are monitoring the growth rate of the production fish by assisting with monthly size determinations and sampling groups periodically and just prior to release for indications of precocious maturation at the acclimation sites. In 2004 the precocious male maturation rate of the low growth treatment was 29% of males while that of the high growth treatment was 43% of males representing a 33% reduction in maturation. The Yakima program is planning to repeat this experiment for five brood years in order to test for effects of size on precocious male maturation as well as juvenile and adult survival.
Expectations: The expectations from this objective are that smaller fish will have reduced levels of precocious male maturation compared with the conventionally reared fish in the second year. Previous studies by our research team have demonstrated that while size is an important variable in smolt survival, perhaps more important is spring growth rate (Beckman et al. 1998; 1999). This study will further contribute to our understanding of the interactions between smolt size, growth rate and survival. | $16,000 | 8.63% | 03/07/2006 | 05/31/2006 |
| G | 2989 | 132 | Produce Progress (Annual) Report | Produce annual report | G. Write FY 04 annual report on 4 main objectives of project | $5,000 | 2.70% | 06/01/2005 | 04/19/2006 |
| H | 2990 | 183 | Produce Journal Article | Write peer reviewed publication | H. In FY 05 submit for publication manuscripts describing first interation of growth rate modulation experiment completed in FY04 and a study of migrational ecology of precociously mature spring Chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin using the pit-tag database. Also, write a draft manucript examining the physiology of smolts vs. preocociosly maturing spring Chinook salmon. | $12,000 | 6.47% | 06/01/2005 | 05/31/2006 |
| I | 2991 | 99 | Outreach and Education | Scientific outreach | I. Present an oral presentation of study and monitoring results to stakeholders in the Yakima Basin at the Yakima Project Annual Review Conference in Ellensburg, WA, June 2005. Present study findings in an oral presentation at the American Fisheries Society Conference in Anchorage, AK, Sept. 2005. | $2,843 | 1.53% | 06/01/2005 | 09/30/2005 |
| J | 2982 | 185 | Produce CBFish Status Report | Produce Pisces Status Report | Quarterly reports to be completed in Pisces using red/yellow/green reporting system
| $500 | 0.27% | 10/01/2005 | 05/31/2006 |
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