FINAL VERSION 3-15-05
ANNUAL WORK STATEMENT    



Monitoring the Smolt Migrations of Snake River Wild Chinook Salmon Stocks


Administrative Summary

PROJECT LEADER
  Stephen Achord, NOAA, NMFS, NWFSC, FE
   3305 East Commerce Street
            Pasco, WA 99301-5839
        Telephone:  (509) 547-7518  Fax:  (509) 547-4181
    Email:  Steve.Achord@noaa.gov

ADMINISTRATION OFFICER
      Kurt Gores, NOAA, NMFS, NWFSC, FE
             2725 Montlake Boulevard East
          Seattle, WA  98112  
       Telephone:  (206) 860-3270 Fax:  (206) 860-3267
      Email:  Kurt.Gores@noaa.gov

CONTRACT NUMBER:       (Previous) 00005619, (Project Number 199102800)

PERFORMANCE PERIOD: (Previous) 1 June 1999 - 31 May 2005

BUDGET PERIOD:      (proposed) 1 April 2005 - 31 March 2006

FINANCIAL CONTACT
Helen Brandling-Bennett, NOAA, NMFS, NWFSC, FE
Helen.Brandling-Bennett@noaa.gov
   2725 Montlake Boulevard East, room 373
   Seattle, WA 98112
   Telephone:  (206) 860-3232  Fax:  (206) 860-3267




For Contract Background page:
                                                  

Relationship to the Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Program

This research will provide critical information related to the parr-to-smolt survival and timing of the outmigrations of various stocks of wild spring/summer Chinook salmon in the Snake River.  Section 304(d) of the 1980 Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Program states that the program will take into account the migrational characteristics of the various stocks of salmon in the Columbia River Basin.  Prior to this study, there was considerable information of this type for hatchery stocks but none for wild stocks of salmon.  This research provides this important information.  Further, Section 204(b) urges conservation of genetic diversity.  This will only occur if wild stocks are preserved.  Section 5.9A.1 of  the 1994 Fish and Wildlife Program states that field monitoring of smolt movement will be used to determine the best timing for water storage releases and Section 5.8A.8 states that continued research is needed on survival of juvenile wild fish before they reach the first dam with special attention to water quantity, quality, and several other factors.  Preservation of healthy wild stocks will not be possible unless their downstream migrational characteristics are examined and taken into account by fisheries managers.  


Coordination

Wild juvenile salmon used in this study will be collected from streams in Idaho.  The Idaho Department of Fish and Game has expressed a high level of support and encouragement for this work.  Annually, field work in several Idaho streams is coordinated with ongoing studies by the Nez Perce Tribe and the Shoshone-Bannock Tribe.  Since PIT tags are automatically decoded within collection systems at hydropower projects, no coordination or agreement with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is required.  Finally, timely in-season updates as the fish migrate through the dams can be accessed through the Fish Passage Center's web page, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission's PTAGIS web page, and the University of Washington's DART web page.  


Background

The Snake River drainage once produced a relatively stable and viable population of spring/summer Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytsha).  Prior to 1970, Raymond (1988) estimated annual wild smolt populations ranging from 1.3 to 2.0 million fish arriving at Ice Harbor Dam. With virtually no programs in place for protection during their downstream migrations through the dam complex, these wild populations produced adult returns ranging from 50,000 to 79,000 fish with an average return rate of 4.4%.
During the 1970's, major problems developed which severely impacted the wild populations during their smolt migrations through the hydroelectric complex.  In the early years of the decade, three additional dams were completed on the lower Snake River.  Concomitantly, gas supersaturation caused by spilling excess water during average to high flow years was identified as a major cause of mortality affecting both adult and juvenile migrants.  The opposite extreme also occurred during this period.  Severe droughts in the Snake River during 1973 and 1977 were associated with catastrophic losses of smolts.  Moreover, during the latter part of the decade, mortalities and injuries were associated with certain components of the collection and bypass facilities at Lower Granite, Little Goose, and McNary Dams.
The decrease in wild fish populations resulting from these adverse conditions during the smolt migration phase of their life cycle is evident from spawning escapement trends from 1960 through the early 1980s (White and Cochnauer, in press).  During 1960-70, redd counts in the Middle Fork of the Salmon River index areas averaged 1,603 redds (range 1,026 to 2,180).  From 1971-78, the counts dropped to an average of 683 redds (range 221 to 1,348).  During the next 6 years (1979-84), counts plummeted to an average of 142 redds (range 38 to 195).  A once viable population of wild fish appeared to be nearing extinction.  However, these severely reduced spawning escapements produced substantial increases in spawning indices in the mid-1980's.  From 1985 through 1988, redd counts in the Middle Fork of the Salmon River averaged 533 redds (range 350 to 972)--a four-fold increase over the previous 6-year period.  Wild stocks have clearly demonstrated a high resiliency and potential for recovery.  In addition, other researchers have estimated similar return rates for wild fish.  Fast et al. (1986) estimated smolt to adult survival of wild spring Chinook salmon in the Yakima River system of 4.4 and 4.5% for the 1983 and 1984 smolt outmigrations, respectively.
Downstream movements of wild juvenile spring/summer Chinook salmon from natal areas occur to some extent during most of the year with the exception of mid-winter (Edmunson et al. 1968; Durkin et al. 1970; Krcma and Raleigh 1970; Bjornn 1971; Everest and Chapman 1972; Raymond 1979; Sekulich 1980; Lindsay et al. 1986).  By far the largest downstream displacements occur in fall (0-age) and spring (1+ age).  Distance and magnitude of the fall migrations vary annually by stream and are influenced by prevailing environmental conditions and cover availability (Bjornn 1971; Raymond 1979; Sekulich 1980).  These migrations do not include all individuals of a particular stream population and are limited to movements into larger downstream tributaries probably for over-wintering purposes.  The spring movements are associated with smoltification and downstream migration to the sea.  Regardless of location in fresh water, all yearling fish are subject to this phenomena in spring with the exception of small numbers of precocious males (Bjornn 1971).  If flows are adequate, these spring migrations culminate in all fish moving into the sea.  
Raymond (1979) reported on the timing of wild smolts arriving at Ice Harbor Dam from 1966 through 1975.  This work centered primarily on the timing of a composite of all wild fish emigrating from the Salmon River in Idaho. In this study, the composite population arrived at the dam in early April and was usually present until late May and early June.  Peak movement varied annually occurring as early as 20 April and as late as 20 May.  However, traps in the lower Salmon River where study fish were marked were not always operated over a period of time that would include all of the wild populations in the study.  The timing of a few individual populations were reported for only 2 years, 1966 and 1967.  In 1966, the earliest arriving fish were from Eagle Creek and the Imnaha River in Oregon with a median passage date of 16 April for both streams.  The latest arriving fish were from the Grande Ronde and Wallowa Rivers in Oregon with median passage on 3 June for both streams.  In 1967, fish originating in the Lemhi River in Idaho peaked earliest on 21 April while fish from a nearby stream, the East Fork of the Salmon River, arrived last, peaking on 19 May.  Lindsay et al. (1986) found that wild smolts from the John Day River moved past John Day Dam on the Columbia River between mid-April and early June from 1979 through 1984.  However, sample rates were extremely low at the dam, averaging 0 to 6 fish annually.  
A detailed review of Raymond's unpublished field notes and data indicates his results do not provide the scope or precision that is currently required for making cogent decisions concerning these fish during their smolt migrations through the hydroelectric complex.  For logistical reasons, the most important work (timing of populations from individual streams or reaches) received the least attention.  Moreover, by today's standards, the methodologies used were primitive.  Various forms of thermal marks including hot brands, alcohol and dry ice, and liquid nitrogen were used to mark very small parr in the fall.  Nearly all of these marks would have been virtually unnoticeable much less identifiable at the dam the following spring.  Nearly all marking was on parr caught in box traps in the fall.  Marking of fish not migrating at this time was limited to a few individuals in a few streams.  Only fish >70 mm in fork length were marked; therefore, marked fish were not representative of the entire population in any particular stream.  This likely would have excluded from the study nearly half of the fish sampled in all streams.  In many cases, release numbers were low. In all cases, recoveries of marked fish at the dam were low, usually in the range of 0-10 fish.    
Before 1992, fisheries managers relied on branded hatchery fish, index counts, and flow patterns for information to guide their passage decisions.  A more complete approach now integrates mark information for a broad mixture of the Columbia River Basin's wild/natural and hatchery stocks.  The Northwest Power Planning Council (NWPPC) has stated "... major gaps remain in understanding Columbia Basin stocks, their life patterns and survival at different points in their life cycles."  Our research directly addresses filling these major gaps for wild Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon stocks during their parr-to-smolt life stage.
In addition, to addressing several Sections of previous Fish and Wildlife Programs; our research also addresses some of the "Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives (RPA's)" in the 2000 NMFS Biological Opinion (NMFS 2001).  Section 9.6.5.2, Action 180 advocates a regional monitoring effort on the population status of wild fish stocks and the environmental status of their natal streams and tributaries.  Section 9.6.5.5, Action 199 and Appendix H Research Action 1193 calls for  "...research to produce information on the migrational characteristics of Columbia and Snake River basin salmon and steelhead".  The smolt monitoring program produces information on the migrational characteristics of various salmon and steelhead stocks...and provides management information for implementing flow and spill measures designed to improve passage conditions in the mainstem lower Snake and Columbia Rivers".  More recently,  the "Final Updated Proposed Action for the FCRPS Biological Remand", (a section of the 2004 BIOP), stated in Updated Proposed Actions, "Implement and maintain the Columbia River Basin PIT Tag Information System.  Expand the system to systematically plan PIT Tag efforts in the pilot study basins such that production and survival can be estimated throughout the system for wild and hatchery fish.  Also, continue development and implementation of new fish detection and tagging techniques.  
Clearly, important migratory aspects of wild fish (e.g., run timing) should continue to be considered.  To this end, marking wild/natural parr with PIT tags in their natal streams during the summer of their first year of life provides the opportunity to precisely track these stocks through in-stream PIT-tag monitors, traps, and the hydroelectric complex during their parr/smolt migrations from late summer to spring.
We believe that migrational characteristics of wild spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts should be examined over several years.  A goal of this study is to characterize run-timing of wild fish over a sufficient number of years to determine if consistent patterns are apparent and to determine if the data are useable for providing daily information for real-time management decisions during the smolt outmigrations.  Wild spring/summer Chinook salmon parr will be captured and PIT-tagged in their natal streams during the summer.  The fish will then be returned to the stream in the same area from which they were sampled.  This will allow exposure to all environmental factors that affect behavior and survival from that point forward.  As the smolts migrate downstream the following spring, those that enter the collection facility at Lower Granite Dam will be detected automatically and the information will be incorporated daily into the smolt monitoring data base along with hatchery fish recoveries.


Project Summary Update

The NOAA Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) began a pilot study to PIT tag wild/natural spring/summer Chinook salmon parr for transportation research in summer 1988.  Outmigrating smolts from this marking effort were detected at Lower Granite, Little Goose, and McNary Dams in spring 1989 (Matthews et al. 1990).  Preliminary information from this initial effort showed that various wild stocks exhibited very different run timing from each other as well as from hatchery stocks.  These run-timing differences appear typical for most streams for the first year's marking and recovery effort.  It should be pointed out that environmental conditions were unusual and rather severe for these groups of fish.  The wild fish had endured back-to-back drought years followed by a severe winter and late, cold spring.
The project continued as a transportation research pilot study for 2 additional years (Achord et al. 1992; Matthews et al. 1992).  Thereafter, we determined the technique was not currently practical for use in transportation research due to low population abundance and the high numbers of wild fish required for statistically credible results.  However, the transportation research pilot study continued to provide useful and interesting wild smolt timing information.  For example, during the second year, we again found the outmigration timing of wild stocks was much more protracted than for their hatchery counterparts and that wild smolts from summer Chinook salmon streams outmigrated much earlier than those from spring Chinook salmon streams.  Overall, however, the wild smolt outmigrations were much earlier than during the first year, coincidental with a much warmer, late winter and early spring period.  During the third year, we found little variability in the timing of hatchery stocks from the previous 2 years, even though environmental conditions differed considerably.  Wild stocks, on the other hand, outmigrated much later than during the first 2 years of study, even though flows were similarly low during all 3 years.  This final year of study was characterized by a cold, late winter and early spring.  
With the Endangered Species Act listings of wild Snake River Chinook salmon stocks, the continuation of this work became critical for proper in-season water management, particularly since river flows alone were a poor predictor of wild smolt migrational timing.  In addition, more data, including annual environmental information was required before we could determine with precision which factors were exerting primary control over wild smolt migrational timing.  Therefore, the study was continued as a long-term, wild-smolt migrational timing study cooperatively funded by NMFS and BPA in 1991.  
The present study began with the 1992 migration of wild Chinook salmon smolts (Achord et al. 1994).  Warm weather and high water temperatures in late winter and spring appeared to elicit an early migration timing of all wild smolts in 1992.  The migration timing of wild spring Chinook salmon smolts was earlier in 1992 than in the previous 3 years.  Also, most wild summer Chinook salmon smolts migrated earlier than wild spring Chinook salmon smolts.  However, as was observed during previous years, wild stocks exhibited protracted and variable timing at Lower Granite Dam.
           In 1993, cold weather and low water temperatures from late winter to early summer appeared to elicit a late migration timing; however, high flows during the third week of May moved a large portion of wild spring/summer Chinook salmon through the dams (Achord et al. 1995a).  As observed in previous years, wild stocks exhibited variable migration timing at Lower Granite Dam; however, the middle 80% passage time of wild fish stocks at the dam was more compressed in 1993 than in earlier years.
           In 1994, migration timing of wild spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts at Lower Granite Dam was similar to timing in 1990, and 1992, with peak passage in all 3 years occurring in April; however, peak detections of fish from individual streams in 1994 occurred from late April to late May (Achord et al. 1995b).  As observed in 1990 and 1992, 1994 was also warm during late winter and spring.
           Before 1995, we observed a 2-week shift in timing of wild fish at Lower Granite Dam between relatively warm and relatively cold years.  In the cold years of 1989, 1991, and 1993, 50% of all wild fish passed the dam by mid-May, while 90% passed by mid-June (except in 1993, when high flows moved 90% through the dam by the end of May).  In the warm years of 1990, 1992, and 1994, 50% of all wild fish passed this dam from 29 April to 4 May, and 90% passed by the end of May.  In 1995, we experienced intermediate weather conditions in late winter and early spring (compared to the previous 6 years) and observed intermediate passage timing at the dam, with 50 and 90% passage occurring on 9 May and 5 June, respectively (Achord et al. 1996a).  Sustained high flows from mid-May to early June in that year moved the later half of the wild fish migration through the dam at a more uniform rate than in previous years, and over 90% passed by the time peak flows occurred at the dam on 6 June.
            Due to extremely low adult spawning escapements in summers 1994, 1995, and 1996 parr abundance was at low levels in summers 1995, 1996, and 1997, with the exception of streams in the South Fork of the Salmon River.  As a result, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game requested that we greatly reduce any potentially negative handling impacts in summers 1995, 1996, and 1997 by restricting PIT tagging of wild parr to only a few streams.
            In 1996 and 1997, as observed in all previous migration years from 1989 to 1995, peak detections of wild spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts at Lower Granite Dam were highly variable and generally independent of river flows before 9 May; however, in all years, peak detections of wild fish coincide with peak flow at the dam from 9 May to the end of May.  In both 1995 and 1996, well over 90% of the wild fish had migrated past Lower Granite Dam by the time peak flows occurred in June.  In 1997, high river flows from mid-April to mid-May moved most wild fish through the dam (Achord et al. 1998).  In 1989, we observed a period of peak detections of wild fish that coincided with peak flows at the dam in June (Achord et al. 1996b).  These data suggest that water reserved for fish during the outmigration may benefit more wild spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts if it is initiated around mid-May in most years and may be especially important in drought years.
            In 1996 and 1997, 50 and 90% passage dates of wild stocks combined (Idaho and Oregon streams) at Lower Granite Dam occurred on 3 and 22 May and 24 April and 21 May, respectively (Achord et al. 1997, 1998).  However, unlike previous years, few wild fish were marked as parr in 1995 and 1996 from Idaho streams; therefore, the 1996 and 1997 detections at the dam were composed of 91% and 73.5% fish from Oregon streams, respectively.  Therefore, we caution against comparing migration timing in 1996 and 1997 to previous years, since in all previous years less than 50% were from Oregon streams.
In 1998, we observed a warm late winter and spring period and the overall wild fish timing at Lower Granite Dam was similar to 1992 with the 50 and 90% passing by 1 and 25 May, respectively (Achord et al. 2000).  Beginning in 1998, statistical methods were developed to estimate parr-to-smolt survival of wild fish stocks to Lower Granite Dam and were used as a basis to determine stock timings (Sandford and Smith, 2002).  The overall average estimated parr-to-smolt survival for the combined stocks averaged 24.4% (range 16.1-48.4% depending on stream of origin).
In 1999, we observed different climatic conditions than in all previous migration years. In late winter, a near-record snow pack in the Snake River basin resulted in high flows during early spring in March.  However, the ensuing flows were moderated by very dry and cold conditions during the remaining spring and early summer period.  The fluctuating medium to high flows throughout the spring moved the wild fish through Lower Granite Dam as observed in warmer years, with 50% passing by 3 May and 90% passing by 30 May (Achord et al. 2001a).  The overall average estimated parr-to-smolt survival to the dam for the combined stocks averaged 19.9% (range 14.3-46.7% depending on stream of origin).
In 2000, we had a slightly below normal flow year with our highest flows occurring in April at Lower Granite Dam; along with more seasonal temperatures and climatic conditions throughout the spring.  Consequently, we observed a wild fish migration pattern similar to a warm year with 50% passing the dam by 6 May and 90% passing by 29 May (Achord et al. 2001b).  The overall average estimated parr-to-smolt survival to the dam for the combined stocks averaged 17.7% (range 11.2-35.5% depending on stream of origin).
In 2001, we had the lowest flow year since 1977 at Lower Granite Dam accompanied by a warmer-than-normal spring period.  Estimated parr-to-smolt survival to the dam averaged 19.5% (range 13.7-34.8%).  Peak detections of all wild fish at the dam occurred during low flows of 57.4 kcfs on 28 April, with a lesser peak on 14 May under moderate flows of 71.6 kcfs, just prior to peak flows for the year.  The 50th and 90th percentile passage occurred on 9 and 26 May, respectively.  In addition, length and weight measurements on 420 recaptured wild fish from six streams were conducted at Little Goose Dam in 2001.  These fish had grown an average of 43.3 mm in length and 11.4 g in weight over an average of 274 days. Their mean condition factor declined from 1.30 at release (parr) to 1.02 at recapture (smolt)(Achord et al. 2002).  This baseline growth information on these wild fish are important for nutrient and ecosystem studies in natal rearing areas started in 2002.
In 2002, the peak detections of wild fish at Lower Granite Dam occurred during moderate flows of 86.7 kcfs on 4 May (Achord et al. 2003).  The 50th and 90th percentile passage occurred on 3 and 29 May, respectively.  However, in 2002, we had slightly lower than normal temperatures and cooler than normal climatic conditions throughout the spring.
The estimated parr-to-smolt survival of wild fish to Lower Granite Dam average 14.3% (range 6.6-38.1% depending on stream of origin) in 2002.  Lengths and weights were taken on 483 recaptured fish (smolts) from 11 Idaho streams at Little Goose Dam in 2002.  Fish had grown an average of 39.7 mm in length and 9.0 g in weight over an average of 275 days.  Their mean condition factor declined from 1.28 at release (parr) to 1.00 at recapture (smolt).
In 2003, the peak detections at Lower Granite Dam of parr tagged during the late summer in 2002 (from the 15 streams in Idaho and 4 streams in Oregon) occurred during high and rapidly increasing flows of 146.7 kcfs on 26 May (Achord et al. 2004).  The 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile passage occurred on 18 April and 11 and 29 May, respectively.  Climatic conditions were similar to 2002 in 2003, with cooler than normal conditions throughout the spring and below normal flows until the last week of May when high flows occurred.  Therefore, although our previous observations support the importance of annual climatic conditions influencing overall migration timing of the stocks at the dam; clearly, complex interrelationships of several factors drive the annual migrational timing of the stocks (Achord et al. 2003).  
The estimated parr-to-smolt survival of wild fish at the dam averaged 8.8% (range 2.8-19.3% depending on stream of origin in 2003.  Lengths and weights were taken on 426 recaptured fish (smolts) from 15 Idaho streams at Little Goose Dam in 2003.  Fish had grown an average of 42.4 mm in length and 8.9 g in weight over an average of 282 days.  The mean condition factor declined from 1.41 at release (parr) to 1.00 at recapture (smolt).
In July 2002, two in-stream PIT-tag monitoring systems were installed in lower Valley Creek near Stanley, Idaho.  Of the 2,266 Chinook salmon parr, PIT tagged and released in Valley Creek above these monitors in summer 2002, 3.2% (72) were detected at the two monitoring systems in summer-fall, 2002 and spring 2003.  Of these stream-detected fish, 9.7% (7) were detected as smolts at downstream dams in 2003.  Development and improvements of the in-stream PIT-tag monitoring systems continued throughout 2002, 2003, and 2004.
In 2004, estimated parr-to-smolt survival of wild fish at the dam averaged 8.1% (range 4.1-18.0% depending on stream of origin).  The 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile estimated passage dates for these wild fish at the dam were 16 April, 3 May, and 26 May, respectively.
In a preliminary evaluation of PIT-tag in-stream monitoring on Valley Creek in 2003-2004; an estimated 28 to 40% of the summer-tagged Chinook salmon parr survived to move out of this stream and their estimated survival from that point to the dam was 13.2%.  The proportions of parr/pre-smolts/smolts leaving Valley Creek were 58.7% in late summer/fall (August, September, October), 32.8% in winter (November, December, January, February), and 8.5% in spring (March, April, May, June).  The estimated parr-to-smolt survival to the dam for each of these groups was 6.6% for the late-summer/fall group, 16.9% for the winter group, and 43.9% for the spring group.  Wild fish parr-to-smolt growth rates as measured at Little Goose Dam in 2004 were very similar to growth rates observed in 2003.
Timing patterns for individual populations and groups of populations have emerged over the years and range from early to late spring. Annual climatic conditions appear directly related to the 2- to 3-week (average) passage-distribution shifts in timing of combined populations of wild fish over the years.  However, since 1998 these wild fish timings have been similar to the warmer-than-normal earlier years even though flows and annual climatic conditions have been quite variable over these years.  Therefore, complex interrelationships between stream flows, climatic conditions, and possible genetic factors appear to play an important role in overall wild fish timings.
This study continues to supply managers with in-season information for management decisions related to flow augmentations, dam operations including spill, and transportation.  Environmental monitoring in streams and climate/weather monitoring is continuing and relationships to parr and smolt movements will be developed in the future.

OVERALL MAJOR STUDY OBJECTIVE

Characterize the outmigration timing of wild spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts at Lower Granite Dam over a period of years.

Null Hypothesis (Ho):  Run-time distributions at Lower Granite Dam are not significantly different within years among wild spring/summer Chinook salmon smolt populations in the Snake River drainage.

Corollary:  If the null hypothesis is rejected, it is highly likely that run-timing to Lower Granite Dam is different among wild populations within years in the Snake River and that these differences may be influenced by factors such as temperature, flow, or genetics.

Criteria for Rejecting Ho:  The null hypothesis will be rejected if run-timing is significantly different among populations by re-sampling methods (Efron 1982).  Significance will be set at (P<0.05).

Null Hypothesis (Ho):  Run-time distributions for individual streams or tributaries at Lower Granite Dam are not significantly different among years.

Corollary:  If the null hypothesis is rejected, it is highly likely that run-timing of individual streams or tributaries is different among years and that these differences may be influenced by environmental  factors such as temperature or flow and climatic/weather conditions.

Criteria for Rejecting Ho:  The null hypothesis will be rejected if run-timing of individual streams or tributaries is different among years by re-sampling methods.  Significance will be set at (P<0.05).


References

Achord, S., G. A. Axel, E. E. Hockersmith, B. P. Sandford, M. B. Eppard, and G. M. Matthews.    2001a.  Monitoring the migrations of wild Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts, 1999.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Project 9102800, Contract 99-AI-19164.  87 p. (Available on the BPA Fish and Wildlife Web page).

Achord, S., G. A. Axel, E. E. Hockersmith, B. P. Sandford, M. B. Eppard, and G. M. Matthews.    2001b.  Monitoring the migrations of wild Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts, 2000.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Project 9102800, Contract 99-AI-19164.  104 p. (Available on the BPA Fish and Wildlife Web page).

Achord, S., G. A. Axel, E. E. Hockersmith, B. P. Sandford, M. B. Eppard, and G. M. Matthews.    2002.  Monitoring the migrations of wild Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts, 2001.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Project 9102800, Contract 00005619.  74 p. (Available on the BPA Fish and Wildlife Web page).

Achord, S., M. B. Eppard, E. E. Hockersmith, B. P. Sandford, G. A, Axel, and G. M. Matthews.    2000.  Monitoring the migrations of wild Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts, 1998.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Project 9102800, Contract DE-AI79-91BP18800.  82 p. (Available on the BPA Fish and Wildlife Web page).

Achord, S., M. B. Eppard, E. E. Hockersmith, B. P. Sandford, and G. M. Matthews.  1998.  
.    Monitoring the migrations of wild Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts, 1997.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Project 91-028, Contract DE-AI79-91BP18800.  78 p.  (Available on the BPA Fish and Wildlife Web page).  

Achord, S., M. B. Eppard, E. E. Hockersmith, B. P. Sandford, and G. M. Matthews.  1997.   Monitoring the migrations of wild Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts, 1996.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Project 91-028, Contract DE-AI79-91BP18800.  74 p.  (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Achord, S., M. B. Eppard, B. P. Sandford, and G. M. Matthews.  1996a.
Monitoring the migrations of wild Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts, 1995.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Project 91-028, Contract DE-AI79-91BP18800.  179 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Achord, S., J. R. Harmon, D. M. Marsh, B. P. Sandford, K. W. McIntyre, K. L. Thomas,
N. N. Paasch, and G. M. Matthews.  1992.  Research related to transportation of juvenile salmonids on  the Columbia and Snake Rivers, 1991.  Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H0034, 57 p. plus Appendix.  (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Achord, S., E. E. Hockersmith, B. P. Sandford, R. A. McNatt, B. E. Feist, and G. M. Matthews.  2003.  Monitoring the migrations of wild Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts, 2002.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Project 9102800, Contract 00005619. (Available on the BPA Fish and Wildlife Web page).

Achord, S., D. J. Kamikawa, B. P. Sandford, and  G. M. Matthews.  1995a.
Monitoring the migrations of wild Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon smolts, 1993.  Report to Bonneville