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| A | 24437 | 165 | Produce Environmental Compliance Documentation | Environmental Compliance | Submit FY08 SOW and supporting documents as needed for BPA's Environmental Compliance Group to determine environmental compliance status. | $1,000 | 0.65% | 04/01/2008 | 04/30/2008 |
| B | 24427 | 157 | Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data | Estimate precocious male maturation of wild Yakima spring Chinook salmon | The purpose of this project WE (157) is to assess the incidence of precocious maturation of naturally rearing Yakima River spring Chinook salmon. Both University of Washington personnel under this contract and University of Washington personnel under separate contract will assist with these collections of data. Wild fish will be collected from the Prosser Dam smolt bypass facility during out migration in the spring from March to May. Approximately 600 wild fish will be collected at Prosser Dam from March to May (150 fish on each of 4 dates). The large sample size is necessary to obtain an accurate estimate for incidence of precocious maturation in the population and because approximately 50% of the fish collected will be females. These data will also provide relative estimates of the male:female ratio of wild fish, which can be used to estimate the number of 0-age precocious males in the population (since those fish would have matured the previous Fall, they will drop out of the population that migrates to the lower Yakima River mid-Winter). Gender ratio of hatchery and wild fish collected at Prosser Dam during out-migration in the spring can also be used to estimate the relative proportion of 1+ year old fish remaining in the headwaters to mature precociously and the proportion of precocious fish that migrate downstream to the Columbia River and beyond as well. Fish sampled at Prosser Dam will be sacrificed for determination of length, weight, gonadal development and gonad weight (for determination of precocious maturation based on gonadosomatic index (GSI)). Data collected from 2003-2005 with migrating brood year 2001 and 2003 Yakima spring Chinook demonstrated that the best method for determining precocious male development was GSI rather than measurement of the steroid 11-ketotestosterone (which is used for determination in fish at the hatchery prior to release-see Objective 2). | $12,000 | 7.74% | 06/01/2007 | 05/31/2008 |
| C | 24428 | 162 | Analyze/Interpret Data | Analyze precocious maturation rate of wild Yakima spring Chinook salmon | The purpose of this WE (162) is to analyze and interpret the data generated in WE (157) "Estimate precocious male maturation of wild Yakima spring Chinook salmon." This will involve determining average length, weight, gender ratio, and % precociously maturing males of wild fish on each collection date. Data will be compared with collections from previous years to determine if there are annually variable trends in the factors analyzed. Both University of Washington personnel under this contract and NOAA personnel under separate contract will assist with these analyses of data. | $12,000 | 7.74% | 04/01/2008 | 05/31/2008 |
| D | 24429 | 157 | Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data | Estimate precocious maturation rate of Yakima hatchery spring Chinook salmon | The purpose of this WE (157) is to accurately assess the incidence of 1+ precocious male maturation for brood year 2006 Yakima hatchery spring chinook released from the Easton, Jack Creek, and Clark Flat acclimation sites. Both University of Washington personnel under this contract and NOAA personnel under separate contract will assist with these collections of data. In cooperation with Ray Brunson (USFWS pathologist) we will sacrifice 60 fish/raceway for length, weight, visual assessment of gonadal development, and plasma 11-ketotestosterone levels (a reproductive steroid that indicates initiation of the maturation process). Samples will be collected in March of 2008 during the routine pathogen screening prior to the opening of the gates for volitional release.
Fish #'s
60 fish/raceway X 6 raceways X 50% males = approximately 180 males screened/site
Total # fish = 1080 fish/year or approximately 540 male fish analyzed/year
Expectations: The expectation from this objective is that the hatchery fish reared in the programs conventional manner will differ from the wild fish. The incidence of age 1+ precocious male maturation will be approximately 30-50% at each acclimation site. Half of the fish currently being reared for this program are being grown according to a modified regime in response to our previous research findings (see Objective 4). The expectation from these fish is that the maturation rate may be reduced by 30-40% compared with those reared under the standard regime.
Finally, approximately 90,000 spring Chinook smolts being reared at the Cle Elum Supplementation facility (and released from the Clark Flat acclimation site) are part of a long term "domestication" experiment. These fish are the progeny of a uniquely tagged line of hatchery fish that are repeatedly being crossed as an "inbred" line to document potential phenotypic and genotypic changes resulting from domestication selection. Starting in 2006 with brood year 2004 fish we sampled an extra 120 fish (60 males) each spring to obtain an accurate assessment of the rate of precocious male maturation in this stock for comparison to the rest of the "supplemented" fish in the Yakima program. So, total number of plasma samples to analyze for this WE are 540+60=600 samples | $10,000 | 6.45% | 06/01/2007 | 03/13/2008 |
| E | 24430 | 162 | Analyze/Interpret Data | Laboratory analysis of plasma samples | Analyze approximately 600 plasma samples (180 plasma samples from each of Easton and Jack Creek Acclimation sites and 240 from the Clark Flat acclimation site) from male Yakima hatchery spring Chinook for the reproductive steroid 11-ketotestosterone (a reproductive steroid that indicates the initiation of male sexual maturation) using enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). | $19,000 | 12.26% | 04/01/2008 | 05/15/2008 |
| F | 24431 | 157 | Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data | Growth rate modulation experiment #4 | The purpose of this WE (157) has historically been to conduct a series of laboratory scale growth modulation experiments aimed at developing hatchery rearing regimes to control age of maturation in male fish to more closely match rates estimated in wild fish. Both NOAA Fisheries personnel under this contract and University of Washington personnel under a separate contract assist with these experiments. A significant amount of background information is required to put the preliminary studies being conducted during this contract period into context for this project.
Background:
Growth rate modulation experiment #1:
In 2002-2003 we conducted and completed a growth rate modulation experiment in 1.4 m experimental circular tanks at the Cle Elum Supplementation and Research Facility (CESRF) aimed at reducing precocious male maturation rates in the Yakima spring Chinook stock. Results indicated that manipulating growth rate could alter the rate of precocious maturation. The highest growth group (High summer/High autumn growth) had 69% male maturity while the lowest growth group (Low summer/Low autumn growth) had 42% maturity (Larsen et al. in press, TAFS). The maturity level of BY 2001 production fish sampled during pathology screening was approximately 60%. In other years the production fish have been as low as 40%. The Cle Elum facility is currently rearing 50% of its production fish under the normal rearing regime with a target weight of approximately 15 grams at tagging in mid-to late October and 50% of its production fish similar to the LL group with a size of approximately 10 grams by mid-October to try and reduce precocious maturity while maintaining a large enough fish to tag in October (see Objective 4). This study successfully reduced precocious male maturation rates, but levels were not as low as those observed in wild Yakima spring Chinook. Physiological comparisons between wild and hatchery fish indicated that wild fish had lower body fat stores and that the growth regimes used for the hatchery fish were not detrimental to the developmental physiology of the experimental fish. Thus, more significant alterations in rearing regime were necessary in future studies.
Reference:
Larsen, D.A., Beckman, B.R., Strom, C.R., Parkins, P.J., Cooper, K.A., Fast, D.E. and Dickhoff, W.W. in press. Growth modulation alters the incidence of early male maturation and physiological development of hatchey reared spring Chinook salmon: a comparison with wild fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society.
Growth rate modulation experiment #2:
Reducing the maturation rate by 40% in the production fish (Experiment #1) by rearing them smaller was a step in the right direction, but our long range goal is to determine if it is possible to rear Yakima spring Chinook to have a male precocious maturation rate more in line with that of the wild fish (approximately 5-10%). A second growth modulation experiment for BY 2003 was initiated in 2004. Previous results (Larsen et al. in press) indicated that adjustment of pond timing (to an earlier date) and reduction in dietary lipid content may further reduce the level of precocious male maturation in the Yakima population. Thus, Experiment #2 involved production of a low fat experimental diet for these fish at our research facility. Treatments were developed to investigate the interaction between early and late (current production) pond timing and dietary lipid content on precocious male maturation. Treatments included fish ponded in early March on high (current commercial diet) and low fat diets and fish ponded in mid- April (current production time) on high and low fat diets in a 2x2 factorial design with 4 replicates per treatment. The objective was to grow fish to a comparable size of 10 grams (the programs minimal size for tagging) by October 15. The following parameters were monitored approximately monthly: weight, length, general smolt appearance, visual gonadal development, plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (a growth regulating hormone) and whole body lipid (indicators of energetics and growth status) and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity as a measure of smolt physiology. In June of 2005 the remaining fish (approximately 250/tank) were sacrificed and visually assessed for gender and incidence of male maturation (among males) to determine the percentage of age-1 and age-2 precociously maturing males in each of the four treatments. The four treatments were designated Early/High, Early/Low, Late/High, Late/Low. The experimental portion of that experiment was completed in 2005. Final data analysis and interpretation is ongoing. Preliminary results from this second experiment were as follows: Age-2 male maturation rates in all treatments ranged from 12-18% and were not significantly different. Furthermore, with the exception of size differences during the early stages of the study due to differential pond timing, the treatments did not differ with regard to condition factor, plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity. However, earlier pond timing produced 1-4% age-1 precociously maturing males. Thus, future laboratory based studies were considered necessary to determine what effects planned production scale alterations in pond timing at the Yakima hatchery (to increase smolt size for tagging-see below) will have on both age-1 and age-2 precocious male maturation rates.
Growth rate modulation experiment #3:
Starting with brood year 2005 (release year 2007) the Yakima Fisheries Program initiated a rearing program to increase egg incubation temperatures in their production stock to change the emergence time to an earlier date than historically used. The objective of this action is to increase the size of juvenile fish in early summer for ease of tagging while decreasing growth in the autumn to control for high levels of age-2 precocious male maturation (based on findings from this project). However, based on the above results of Experiment #2 this may increase the prevalence of age-1 precocious males in the population. Thus, Growth rate modulation experiment #3 was designed to optimize rearing conditions of the Yakima (and other Supplementation hatchery stocks) for controlling both age-1 and -2 precocious male maturation without compromising smolt development.
Experimental Description
This third experimental iteration tested the following null hypotheses:
H01: Growth modulation has no effect on physiological development of Yakima hatchery spring Chinook
H02: Growth modulation has no effect on incidence of age-1 precocious male maturation of Yakima hatchery spring Chinook.
H03: Growth modulation has no effect on the incidence of age-2 precocious male maturation of Yakima hatchery spring Chinook.
The third experimental investigated the interaction between early (Modified) and late (Conventional) ponding and High and Low growth on physiological development and age-1 and age-2 precocious male maturation in Yakima spring Chinook. This information was used to optimize rearing regimes for Experiment #4 below. During the previous funding cycle (6/1/2006-5/31/2007) this preliminary experiment described below was completed. Experiment #4 will be initiated in the 6/1/07-5/31/08 period.
During the preliminary studies conducted at the NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC) Research hatchery we determined maximum rates of age-1 male maturation in Yakima spring Chinook. Gametes from Yakima Spring Chinook were collected at the Yakima Hatchery in September 2005 and brought back to the NWFSC for rearing to induce early and normal emergence and high and low growth in a 2x2 factorial design. Egg incubation temperatures were manipulated to induce emergence on 1 January or 15 February 2006, and fish from each emergence group were reared in triplicate under either high (0.5% above maximum feed manufacturers recommended level) or low (50% of manufacturers level) ration during the first 3-4 months post emergence. The four treatments (emergence/ration) were Early/High, Early/Low, Late/High, Late/Low. In September 2006 all fish were sacrificed and screened for age-1 male maturation and early evidence (through 11-KT levels) of age-2 male maturation. We hypothesized that early emergence and high growth following ponding would induce maximum levels of age-1 male maturation in the Early/High treatment. All other treatments would display a lower level of age-1 male maturation. Preliminary analysis (KT levels are still being analyzed) of the data from that preliminary experiment has shown that age-1 male maturation rates of the Early/High treatment was 33% of all males indicating the very significant effect early emergence and high ration can have on life-history decisions. These data will be used to set the growing conditions for the larger scaled Growth modulation Experiment #4 proposed to be initiated in the current funding cycle described below.
Current Funding Cycle:
Growth Modulation Experiment #4:
H01: The rate of age-1 and age-2 male maturation and smolt quality will not differ between Yakima River spring Chinook salmon reared under either a high or low growth regime
H02: The rate of age-1 and age-2 male maturation and smolt quality will not differ between Yakima River spring Chinook salmon sourced from either the Supplemented or Domesticated stock.
The purpose of this experiment is to conduct the fourth in a series of laboratory scale growth modulation experiments. This experiment will combine information from our three previous laboratory based studies in an effort to further reduce age-2 male maturation, increase smolt release size (and potentially SAR), monitor the rate of age-1 male maturation in treated fish and determine if there is evidence of changes in these traits between Supplemented and Domesticated lines of Yakima River Spring Chinook salmon. As reviewed previously, reduced growth during the "maturation initiation period" will reduce the rate of age-2 maturation. However, lower growth carries with it the negative consequences of small fish size for tagging and reduced smolt size at release. In an effort to increase the size of fish without increasing growth rate in the autumn we propose to moderately increase incubation temperatures of the eggs, to accelerate fry emergence timing. This will allow for significant growth to occur prior to autumn. In the autumn period, growth will be reduced through ration manipulation and then increased again in the following spring to provide maximum growth at the time of smoltification. Screening of the domesticated and supplemented CESRF spring Chinook lines in work element D and other domesticated lines from other Columbia River hatcheries (work element J) and Beckman and Larsen (2006) has shown evidence of a decrease in precocious male maturation in the domesticated lines. This experiment will compare the effect of growth modulation in supplemented versus the domesticated lines from the CESRF.
The data from Experiment #4 will be analyzed by ANOVA comparing physiological parameters and incidence of precocious male maturation among different treatments. Data will be presented in contract reports, peer reviewed publications and reported annually at the Yakima Basin Science and Management Conference, Ellensburg, WA and at regional or national American Fisheries Society meetings and used for making programmatic decisions regarding hatchery rearing strategies at CESRF and other supplementation facilities. | $21,000 | 13.55% | 06/01/2007 | 05/31/2008 |
| G | 24432 | 176 | Produce Hatchery Fish | Rear hatchery fish for growth modulation experiment #4 | The objective of WE 176 "Rear hatchery fish for growth rate modulation experiment #4 is to rear fish for WE (157) including acquisition, transport, incubation of Yakima spring Chinook salmon at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center Research Hatchery in Seattle. Both UW personnel under this contract and NOAA personnel under a separate contract will assist with rearing of these fish. The objective of this experiment is to collect data on hatchery rearing conditions necessary to increased smolt size while minimizing rates of age-1 and age-2 precocious male maturation and collect basic information on the effects of one generation of "supplementation" vs. domesticated rearing on these factors and basic developmental physiology of Yakima River Spring Chinook salmon. | $28,000 | 18.06% | 06/01/2007 | 05/31/2008 |
| H | 24433 | 61 | Maintain Artificial Production Facility/Infrastructure | Maintain NWSFC hatchery for rearing fish growth experiment #4 studies | The objective of this WE (61) is to provide support for hatchery maintenance for production of fish for growth modulation experiment #4. Both University of Washington personnel under this contract and NOAA personnel under a separate contract will assist with hatchery maintenance. | $20,000 | 12.90% | 06/01/2007 | 05/31/2008 |
| I | 24434 | 162 | Analyze/Interpret Data | Analysis for growth rate modulation experiment #4 | The objective of this WE (162) is to analyze data from growth modulation experiments #4 described in WE (157) "Growth rate modulation experiment #4". For experiment #4 complete analyses for all physiological parameters analyzed including length, weight, condition factor for adjusting rations | $8,700 | 5.61% | 09/01/2007 | 05/31/2008 |
| J | 24435 | 157 | Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data | Leavenworth hatchery complex precocious maturation monitoring | Starting with preliminary studies in 2005 we initiated expanded screening for precocious male maturation in additional hatchery populations. Fish were sampled (300 per hatchery=60 fishx5 raceways) for length, weight, gender, gonad weight for GSI, plasma for 11-ketotestosterone levels at Leavenworth Complex hatcheries of Leavenworth, Entiat, and Winthrop. These facilities have been stocked historically with Carson stock spring Chinook salmon. One of the objectives of this screening is to determine whether age-2 precocious male maturation is as prevalent in these more domesticated stocks as that observed in the newly initiated Yakima supplementation hatchery population. In the first year of this monitoring precocious male maturation rates ranged from 7% at Leavenworth, 15% at Entiat, and 19% at Winthrop. Thus, precocious male maturation is prevalent even in these more domesticated stocks justifying further monitoring of these trends in the populations to capture some measure of the year-to-year variability in this life-history phenotype. With this WE we will monitor these populations for a fourth year in late-March and early April 2008. Both University of Washington personnel under this contract and NOAA personnel under separate contract will assist with these data collections. | $10,000 | 6.45% | 06/01/2007 | 04/11/2008 |
| K | 24436 | 162 | Analyze/Interpret Data | Analysis for Leavenworth complex precocious maturation screening | Analyze approximately 450 plasma samples from male spring Chinook salmon for the reproductive steroid 11-ketotestosterone (an indicator of the initiation of sexual maturation) using ELISA technique. NOTE: A total of 900 fish (both male and female) are sampled at the 3 Leavenworth complex hatcheries, but since approximately half of the fish are females, these plasma samples won't be measured for the male androgen 11-KT. | $10,000 | 6.45% | 04/21/2008 | 05/23/2008 |
| L | 28492 | 132 | Produce Progress (Annual) Report | Submit Annual Report for the period June 2005 to May 2006 | The annual report summarizes the project goal, objectives, hypotheses, completed and uncompleted deliverables, problems encountered, lessons learned, and long-term planning. Examples of long-term planning include future improvements, new directions, or level of effort for contract implementation, including any ramping up or ramping down of contract components or of the project as a whole. | $250 | 0.16% | 06/01/2007 | 11/01/2007 |
| M | 28491 | 132 | Produce Progress (Annual) Report | Submit Annual Report for the period June 2006 to May 2007 | The annual report summarizes the project goal, objectives, hypotheses, completed and uncompleted deliverables, problems encountered, lessons learned, and long-term planning. Examples of long-term planning include future improvements, new directions, or level of effort for contract implementation, including any ramping up or ramping down of contract components or of the project as a whole. | $250 | 0.16% | 06/01/2007 | 02/01/2008 |
| N | 24439 | 119 | Manage and Administer Projects | Project planning and coordination | This work element covers work to manage on-the-ground efforts associated with the project. It also covers administrative work in support of on-the-ground efforts and in support of BPA's program requirements such as financial reporting, and development of a SOW package (daft SOW, budget and property inventory). Also, attend the Yakima Basin Science and Management Conference in Ellensburg, WA, scheduled for June 2007. Two University of Washington personnel under this contract will attend this conference. | $2,300 | 1.48% | 06/11/2007 | 05/31/2008 |
| O | 24362 | 185 | Produce CBFish Status Report | Periodic Status Reports for BPA | The Contractor shall report on the status of milestones and deliverables in Pisces. Reports shall be completed quarterly as determined by the BPA COTR. Additionally, when indicating a deliverable milestone as COMPLETE, the contractor shall provide metrics and the final location (latitude and longitude) prior to submitting the report to the BPA COTR. | $500 | 0.32% | 10/01/2007 | 05/31/2008 |
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