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Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Program Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Program
SOW Report
Contract 19398: 2002-002-00 FEASIBILTY OF ENHANCING WHITE STURGEON SPAWNING
Project Number:
Title:
Kootenai River Habitat Restoration Program
Stage:
Implementation
Area:
Province Subbasin %
Mountain Columbia Kootenai 100.00%
Contract Number:
19398
Contract Title:
2002-002-00 FEASIBILTY OF ENHANCING WHITE STURGEON SPAWNING
Contract Continuation:
Previous: Next:
9407: 2002-002-00 FEASABILITY OF ENHANCING WHITE STURGEON SPAWNING
  • 32183: 2002-002-00 ENHANCE KOOTENAI RIVER WHITE STURGEON HABITAT
Contract Status:
Closed
Contract Description:
BPA Project Number:  2002-002-00
Contract Number:  00019398
Contract Title:  Feasibility of Enhancing White Sturgeon Spawning
FY2006

Project Description:
Kootenai sturgeon recruitment has failed, apparently because fish are spawning at sites where conditions are not suitable for incubation and early rearing.  Sturgeon are broadcasting eggs over an unstable sand bottom in the gradient transition zone downstream from Bonners Ferry.  Shifting sand rapidly covers and suffocates embryos and/or traps larvae.  Eggs deposited over open substrates are also exposed to predation by other fishes.  Sturgeon more typically spawn over clean gravel and cobble substrates where the eggs may settle or are washed into rock interstices.  High velocities, turbulence, and nearby eddy or pool areas for staging are also common denominators of spawning sites used successfull... y by other white sturgeon populations.

Rock substrates that appear to be suitable for spawning and incubation are available upstream from current spawning areas but fish continue to spawn in unsuitable conditions downstream.  Rock substrates are also available in the spawning reach but along the levees rather than in the river channel where spawning occurs.  Levee toes were armored with alluvial rock hauled in from terrestrial sources.  Core samples indicate that little rock exists in the river channel where sturgeon are currently spawning so it does not appear that fish are spawning in historically-suitable areas which have been degraded by habitat changes.  Velocities in the current spawning reach are near the low end of those favored by other sturgeon populations.  Peak velocities are around 1.2 meters per second (mps) and more typically less than 1 mps.  Preferred mean water column velocities for spawning by sturgeon in other areas are typically between 1 and 3 mps.  The mechanism of the velocity effect might include egg dispersal, egg aeration, predator exclusion, or association with clean rock substrates that provide suitable egg incubation and larval hiding sites.  

It is unclear why Kootenai River fish do not seek more suitable substrates.  One hypothesis is that a downstream shift in the velocity transition zone has resulted in fish spawning over unsuitable substrates. A combination of Kootenay Lake regulation, levee construction in the Kootenai Valley, and flow regulation from Libby Dam has altered hydrodynamics in the gradient transition zone and may account for the shift in velocity cues.  In the altered system, velocity and turbulence cues that previously coincided with rocky substrate now occur over sand.  Changes in hydrodynamics have also increased deposition of fine material in areas immediately upstream of Bonners Ferry which might previously have provided suitable combinations of substrate and velocity for sturgeon spawning. In addition to substrate and velocity conditions, recent research and observations involving various sturgeon species suggests that turbulence associated with complex, higher energy flow fields, and inter-gravel or interstitial flows may be associated with or required for successful recruitment.

Since 1994, Libby Dam discharges during spring have been augmented and shaped in an attempt to stimulate natural recruitment of Kootenai sturgeon.  Recruitment has been positively correlated with flow in other white sturgeon populations.  Monitoring of sturgeon movements in the Kootenai suggest that augmented spring flows may have cued pre-spawning migrations and affected spawning location. However, they have not been sufficient to move fish upstream into better spawning habitat in the braided or canyon reaches, or to create the appropriate conditions in the current spawning habitat if that is required to reestablish natural recruitment..
Without immediate implementation of substantive habitat restoration measures, there will soon be too few adults to take advantage of improvements.  However, significant habitat improvements in a river the size of the Kootenai will be costly and benefits of any specific action remain uncertain.  Declining sturgeon numbers and limited resources for large-scale habitat restoration programs do not afford the luxury of implementing large-scale experiments without better information to guide design.  We are likely to get only one good chance at physical habitat restoration and it is imperative that alternatives are selected that provide the best chance for success.  However, this imperative will also require that something substantive is attempted before time runs out.  Extensive studies have been completed of sturgeon behavior and potential limiting factors in attempt to reduce the uncertainty in identifying effective remedies.  These studies have brought us now to the point where it is time to experimentally evaluate promising alternatives.

Two distinct strategies have been identified for physical restoration of suitable spawning habitat conditions for Kootenai white sturgeon.  One strategy is to bring suitable habitat to the fish.  The second strategy is to transport or attract the fish to suitable habitat.  
Alternatives for bringing the habitat to the fish include:
a. artificially introducing rock substrate into current spawning areas,
b. using mechanical devices to increase velocities at or upstream from existing spawning sites.
Alternatives for bringing fish to the habitat include:
c. using a combination of lake level regulation and Libby Dam discharge to shift the velocity transition zone upstream,
d. altering conditions in the braided reach upstream from Bonners Ferry to restore suitable migration, spawning, and incubation conditions, or
e. physically transplanting spawners or eggs into upstream areas where suitable incubation and early rearing habitat is available.(Further detail for alternative e found in 5-year Plan)

This study evaluates the feasibility of alternatives for physical restoration of suitable spawning habitat conditions in the Kootenai River.  The intent is to use a combination of computer modeling, physical modeling, and small scale field experiments to guide development of a larger scale habitat enhancement project.  Feasibility evaluations will be based on whether small-scale treatments produce desired physical and hydraulic conditions. The biological response to physical habitat improvements is the subject of subsequent components of a comprehensive sturgeon conservation and recovery plan.  The relationship of the habitat improvement feasibility study to other elements of the comprehensive program is described in more detail the 5-year implementation plan.  

This pilot study is Phase II of the project for evaluating physical and hydraulic characteristics of the Kootenai River that was funded by the Bonneville Power Administration (Project No. 200200200) and implemented by the KTOI and the USGS.  Phase I involved measurement of physical habitat conditions and development of a simulation model of Kootenai River spawning and potential spawning areas.  Phase II involves the evaluation of alternatives for physical restoration of suitable spawning habitat conditions.  Contracting for the implementation of one part of this project (Shorty's Island Pilot Project) will be directly between BPA and the ACOE for $250,000.  The land lease and other monitoring elements for the Shorty's Island Project implemented by the ACOE are identified in this SOW.  Effective habitat restoration alternatives identified by this project will be proposed for additional funding (Phase III), and may include cost share with USACE 1135 grants for habitat improvement projects.

This project is coordinated through the USFWS White Sturgeon Recovery Team. The project is reflective of and integrated with ESA recovery goals for the white sturgeon outlined in the 1999 USFWS Recovery Plan and the 2000 Biological Opinion for White Sturgeon (RPAs 3i and 3j).  Phase II of the project is outlined in the 2005 USFWS White Sturgeon Recovery Team document entitled "FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE RESTORATION OF SUITABLE SPAWNING HABITAT CONDITIONS FOR KOOTENAI RIVER STURGEON".  This project is also consistent with and complements the ACOE Habitat Evaluation and Recovery Strategy for White Sturgeon. Additionally, this project is implemented as part of the Adaptive Management Framework outlined on page 94 of the Kootenai Subbasin Management Plan.
  
Account Type(s):
Expense
Contract Start Date:
08/15/2004
Contract End Date:
11/14/2006
Current Contract Value:
$762,765
Expenditures:
$762,765

* Expenditures data includes accruals and are based on data through 28-Feb-2025.

BPA COR:
Env. Compliance Lead:
Contract Contractor:
Work Order Task(s):
Contract Type:
Contract (IGC)
Pricing Method:
Cost Reimbursement (CNF)
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Full Name Organization Write Permission Contact Role Email Work Phone
Paul Anders Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) No Interested Party
Amy Clairmont Kootenai Tribe No Administrative Contact aclairmont@kootenai.org (208) 267-3519
Jean Enao Kootenai Tribe Yes Administrative Contact jean@kootenai.org (208) 267-3519
Terry Holtcamp Jr Bonneville Power Administration Yes Contracting Officer taholtcamp@bpa.gov (503) 230-3518
Sue Ireland Kootenai Tribe Yes Supervisor ireland@kootenai.org (208) 267-3620
Paul Krueger Bonneville Power Administration Yes F&W Approver pqkrueger@bpa.gov (503) 230-5723
Virgil Watts III Bonneville Power Administration Yes COR vlwatts@bpa.gov (503) 230-4625


Viewing 17 of 17 Work Statement Elements
Sort Order
WSEV ID
WE ID
Work Element Name
Title
Description
WSE Effective Budget
% of Total WSE Effective Budget
WSE Start
WSE End
A15509165Produce Environmental Compliance DocumentationEnvironmental Compliance for BPA ClearanceThis Work Element will cover any work neccessary to gather, acquire, or prepare documents in support of obtaining environmental compliance from BPA to proceed with the work listed within this SOW.$00.00% 10/16/2006
B1551092Lease LandLand Lease - Craig HubbardThis element alllows for a land lease and right of entry for a construction staging area for the Shorty's Island Sturgeon Spawning Habitat Improvement Pilot Project. The lease will need to be in place before the Army Corps of Engineers (the Shorty's Island Project construction project manager) can advertise for bids and award the project. Description of Pilot Project The Kootenai River White Sturgeon Recovery Team (SRT) identified spawning substrate as the alternative with the best opportunity for measurable success in the Shorty's Reach, given the limited time and funds available. The lack of appropriate spawning substrate is thought to be a primary factor responsible for sturgeon recruitment failure. Sturgeon consistently spawn in deep high-velocity parts of the river channel near Shorty's Island but shifting dunes of fine sediment in that reach cover and smother eggs. The USACE has considered several alternatives for providing suitable egg attachment substrates including rock, armor units, and pilings. The Recovery Team has identified rock as the most appropriate substrate based on a review of preferred spawning sites in other sturgeon populations. Rocks can provide the necessary attachment surfaces and clear interstitial spaces needed for embryo (fertilized egg) incubation and early larval rearing. Before a large-scale substrate introduction project is implemented, more information is needed to determine whether rock placement will produce the desired conditions. Critical questions include whether rock can be placed so that at least some protrudes above the soft river bottom substrate and whether interstitial spaces will remain free of sand. Therefore, weather-permitting, a pilot project will be implemented in the late fall/early winter of 2005/2006.$1,5000.33%10/16/200510/15/2006
C15511157Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab DataVelocity and Turbulence Eductors Field TestExplore whether mechanical devices can effectively increase local water velocity and turbulence at a scale likely to prove useful in sturgeon habitat restoration by field testing flow eductors under different habitat conditions. An additional intent of this pilot project is to explore whether eductors might be used to increase velocity and turbulence over a significant area in a natural river setting. This project is focused solely on physical effects. Future studies of biological effects will be considered based on physical effects measured in this pilot study. Bathymetry mapping at potential eductor sites has already been completed by the USGS.$31,0006.90%11/15/200510/14/2006
D15512162Analyze/Interpret DataVelocity and Turbulence Eductors AnalysesEductors are portable tubes with attached nozzles and pumps which entrain and propel a directional stream of water. Although no quantitative turbulence characterization has been performed for white sturgeon spawning habitat use, preferred spawning conditions used by other white sturgeon populations include high water velocity and apparent turbulence. Velocities in the current spawning reach are near the low end of those reported for other sturgeon populations. Peak velocities are around 1.2 feet per second (fps) and more typically less than 1 fps. Preferred mean water column velocities for spawning by sturgeon in other areas are typically between 1 and 3 fps (Anders 1991; Parsley et al. 1994; Paragamian et al. 2001; Anders 2002; Golder Associates 2005). Eductors may: 1) increase water velocity and turbulence in current spawning areas, 2) attract spawners to adjacent areas of more suitable habitat, 3) help exclude egg predators, and 4) clean fine material from natural and engineered spawning substrates. Eductors are not proposed as a sturgeon recovery measure, but as a tool to help understand hydraulics associated with spawning and possibly incubation habitat requirements.$10,0002.23%11/01/200510/14/2006
E15513156Develop RM&E Methods and DesignsKootenai River Sediment and Bedform MovementMonitor sediment transport and bedforms in sturgeon spawning habitat. Improve the characterization of riverbed stability and bedform movement in the white sturgeon spawning reach. Develop capability to continuously monitor suspended-sediment input into the Kootenai River white sturgeon spawning reach. Describe availability and movement of fluvial sediment through white sturgeon spawning habitat and identify where habitat substrate is currently aggrading, degrading, and stable. Video the riverbed at select spawning sites. Images of the river bottom will provide biologists a glimpse of the white sturgeon spawning habitat and provide some additional information for the design phase for spawning habitat enhancements.$28,0696.25%10/16/200510/15/2006
F15514162Analyze/Interpret DataDevelop and Assess Kootenai Habitat Improvement ScenariosUSGS - National Research Program modeling support for Kootenai River habitat enhancement studies and conduct stochastic simulations of white sturgeon egg transport and develop probability distribution maps of egg settling locations$60,00013.36%10/30/200510/15/2006
G15515156Develop RM&E Methods and DesignsKootenai River Braided Reach ModelDevelop sediment-transport models, develop spawning habitat substrate improvement scenarios, and assess the feasibility of habitat enhancement. Develop a multidimensional model of the Kootenai River braided reach .$60,44713.46%10/16/200510/16/2006
H15516156Develop RM&E Methods and DesignsKootenai River Pre-development SimulationSimulate pre-development conditions in Kootenai River by modifying the multidimensional models of the white sturgeon spawning reach and the braided reach.$32,0707.14%10/16/200510/16/2006
I15517157Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab DataKootenai River Pilot Project MonitoringMonitor the elevation of pilot spawning habitat structure during construction and create bathymetric map of the structure on daily basis for USACOE and import structure into multidimensional model.$15,6453.48%10/16/200509/30/2006
J15518157Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab DataRiparian Habitat Hypothesis Lab TestThe Riparian Habitat Hypothesis attributes the widespread collapse of resident white sturgeon populations primarily to the loss of flooded riparian vegetation which might provide critical incubation and feeding conditions (Coutant 2004). Over 90% of this historical floodplain habitat in the Kootenai Valley has been lost to a combination of levee construction, Kootenay Lake elevation control, and Libby Dam discharge regulation. This hypothesis proposes that submerged riparian habitat during seasonal high water is needed for egg attachment and early development. Floodplain habitat effects on sturgeon are likely very complex and it is unclear whether significant functions include egg attachment and early life history. Additional studies could shed some light on the role of flooded riparian habitat in the sturgeon life cycle and related habitat restoration measures that might prove beneficial$40,0008.91%10/16/200510/15/2006
K15519118CoordinationUSGS Project Planning and CoordinationUSGS Project planning$29,3316.53%10/16/200510/15/2006
L15520183Produce Journal ArticleProduce Draft USGS ReportsProduce drafts of a USGS-Scientific Investigations Report and a USGS-Open-File report.$29,3836.54%10/30/200510/15/2006
M15521119Manage and Administer ProjectsProject Coordination for Kootenai Sturgeon Habitat ImprovementProject Coordination: Coordinate and facilitate project contracting, implementation subcontracting, and development of Phase III implementation proposal. Manage financial and procedural process of contracting.$47,58810.60%10/30/200511/14/2006
N15522132Produce Progress (Annual) ReportProduce Annual Report for Kootenai Sturgeon Habitat Enhancement StudyProduce Annual Report$9,0002.00%10/16/200602/01/2007
O15523185Produce CBFish Status ReportPeriodic Status Reports for BPAThis Work Element is for reporting the completion status of Work Elements and Milestones and designating the progress as green, yellow, or red.$00.00%07/01/200610/14/2006
P15557157Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab DataUSGS Kootenai River Sediment and Particle Transport StudyThis Work Element will cover work performed by USGS to gather information on the Kootenai River during periods of high flows 25,000 - 35,000 CFS. During this period of high flows data will be collected pertaining to the transport rates of cobbles, gravels and sediments as they move downstream out of the canyon reach and deposit within areas of the braided and meander reaches of the Kootenai River. This collection of this data and its subsequent analysis will be critical in the development of an in water habitat alteration plan that is to be developed by a contracted hydrologist.$20,0004.45%08/15/200510/13/2006
Q15558162Analyze/Interpret DataSubcontract With Hydrologist For Data Analysis and Implementation StrategyA Hydrologist is to be subcontracted to evaluate data sets collected by the USGS. The subcontracted hydrologist may gather additional data as needed, and then employ various flow models to assess the feasibility to implement large scale channel alterations within the four miles of the Kootenai River braided reach. This Work Element is critical for the development of the habitat component as called for in the USFWS Kootenai River White Sturgeon BiOp 2006.$34,9677.79%06/19/200611/14/2006
      
$449,000
   

Deliverable Title WSE Sort Letter, Number, Title Start End Concluded
Environmental Compliance Completed A: 165. Environmental Compliance for BPA Clearance 10/16/2006 10/13/2006
Land Lease - Craig Hubbard B: 92. Land Lease - Craig Hubbard 10/15/2006 09/01/2006
Velocity and Turbulence Eductors Field Test C: 157. Velocity and Turbulence Eductors Field Test 07/01/2006
Velocity and Turbulence Eductors Analyses D: 162. Velocity and Turbulence Eductors Analyses 09/30/2006
Kootenai River Sediment and Bedform Movement E: 156. Kootenai River Sediment and Bedform Movement 10/15/2006 10/13/2006
USGS - National Research Program modeling support F: 162. Develop and Assess Kootenai Habitat Improvement Scenarios 10/15/2006 10/13/2006
Develop multi-dimensional braided reach model G: 156. Kootenai River Braided Reach Model 10/16/2006 10/13/2006
Simulate pre-development conditions in multi-dimensional model H: 156. Kootenai River Pre-development Simulation 10/16/2006 10/13/2006
Monitor the pilot spawning habitat structure I: 157. Kootenai River Pilot Project Monitoring 09/30/2006 09/29/2006
Riparian Habitat Hypothesis Lab Test J: 157. Riparian Habitat Hypothesis Lab Test 10/15/2006 10/15/2006
USGS Project planning and coordination K: 118. USGS Project Planning and Coordination 10/15/2006 10/15/2006
Produce Draft USGS Reports L: 183. Produce Draft USGS Reports 10/15/2006 10/13/2006
Project Coordination and Oversight M: 119. Project Coordination for Kootenai Sturgeon Habitat Improvement 10/15/2006
Produce Annual Report N: 132. Produce Annual Report for Kootenai Sturgeon Habitat Enhancement Study 02/01/2007
Data Collection of Particle Transport Rates P: 157. USGS Kootenai River Sediment and Particle Transport Study 10/13/2006 10/13/2006
Kootenai River Channel Alteration Determination/Plan Q: 162. Subcontract With Hydrologist For Data Analysis and Implementation Strategy 11/14/2006

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Primary Focal Species Work Statement Elements
Sturgeon, White (A. transmontanus) - Kootenai River DPS (Endangered)
  • 1 instance of WE 92 Lease Land
  • 1 instance of WE 183 Produce Journal Article
  • 3 instances of WE 157 Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data
  • 2 instances of WE 162 Analyze/Interpret Data

Sort WE ID WE Title NEPA NOAA USFWS NHPA Has Provisions Inadvertent Discovery Completed
A 165 Environmental Compliance for BPA Clearance
B 92 Land Lease - Craig Hubbard
C 157 Velocity and Turbulence Eductors Field Test
D 162 Velocity and Turbulence Eductors Analyses
E 156 Kootenai River Sediment and Bedform Movement
F 162 Develop and Assess Kootenai Habitat Improvement Scenarios
G 156 Kootenai River Braided Reach Model
H 156 Kootenai River Pre-development Simulation
I 157 Kootenai River Pilot Project Monitoring
J 157 Riparian Habitat Hypothesis Lab Test
K 118 USGS Project Planning and Coordination
L 183 Produce Draft USGS Reports
M 119 Project Coordination for Kootenai Sturgeon Habitat Improvement
N 132 Produce Annual Report for Kootenai Sturgeon Habitat Enhancement Study
O 185 Periodic Status Reports for BPA
P 157 USGS Kootenai River Sediment and Particle Transport Study
Q 162 Subcontract With Hydrologist For Data Analysis and Implementation Strategy